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Italian profanity ("''bestemmie''" when referred to religious topics, "''parolacce''" when not) refers to a set of words considered blasphemous or inflammatory in the Italian language. The Italian language is considered a language with a large set of inflammatory terms and phrases, almost all of which originate from the several dialects and languages of Italy, such as the Tuscan dialect, which had a very strong influence in modern standard Italian, which is widely known to be based on Florentine language.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=A Brief History of the Italian Language ) 〕 Several of these words are cognates to other Romance languages, such as Portuguese, Spanish, Romanian and French. Profanities differ from region to region, however a number of them are diffuse enough to be more closely associated to the Italian language and featured in all the more popular Italian dictionaries. ==List of profanities in the Italian language== * ''cazzo'' (pl. ''cazzi'') (:ˈkattso): literally, vulgar version of penis, can be used as an exclamation or for emphasis; there are countless expressions using this word in a variety of contexts, as detailed in the entries below; * ''coglione'' (pl. ''coglioni'') (:koʎˈʎoːne): literally an offensive version of testicle; where referred to a person, it usually means idiot, burk, twit, fool. In addition, it can be used on several phrases such as ''avere i coglioni'' (literally, to have the balls, that is, to be very courageous), ''avere i coglioni girati'' (literally, to have turned testicles) which means to be angry/in a bad mood, or ''essere un coglione'' (to be a fool). Note that when said to a close friend (''ma quanto sei coglione'') the word is not really offensive. Sometimes ''Coglione'' was also featured in worldwide news when used by ex Italian PM Silvio Berlusconi referring to those who would not vote for him during the 2006 Italian election campaign. It derives from Latin ''coleo'', pl. ''coleones'', and is thus cognate to the Spanish ''cojones''; * ''cornuto'' (:korˈnuːto):〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BBC Languages — Lost in words )〕 cuckold, literally "horned"〔See the corresponding French ''porter des cornes''; deriving from the mating habits of stags, who forfeit their mates when they are defeated by another male.〕 – referring to a person whose spouse is cheating on him. Occasionally it might be coupled with the corna when saying that. In southern Italy it is considered a rough insult. * ''culo'' (:ˈkuːlo):〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Language Log )〕 rough name for ''buttocks'', comparable to the English word ass. It can also mean luck. The popular expression "Avere una faccia da culo" ("To have an ass-like face") indicates a cheeky, brazen-faced person, and sometimes has a positive connotation. In some regions, "Stare sul/in culo" is used as a variant of "Stare sul cazzo", both indicating dislike for someone else. It derives from earlier Greek ''colos'' (''κώλος'') and later Latin ''culus''. It may also translate as ''faggot'', see entries below. * ''finocchio'' (:fiˈnɔkkjo): (lit.: 'fennel') a male homosexual; faggot; poof. A suggestive and very popular hypothesis suggests it may derive from the age of the Holy Inquisition in the Papal State, when fennel seeds would be thrown on homosexuals executed by burning at the stake — in order to mitigate the stench of burned flesh. There is no proof that this is the case, however.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= G. Dall'Orto: checcabolario (in Italian) )〕 * ''frocio'' (:ˈfrɔːtʃo): roughly equivalent to the American ''faggot'', this term originated in Rome but is now widely used nationwide. Less-used synonyms include ''ricchione'' (mainly Southern Italy, especially in the Naples area), ''culattone'' or ''culo'' (mainly in Northern Italy), ''busone'' (common in Emilia-Romagna and also a rough synonym for ''lucky'') and ''finocchio'' (see);. The usage of this word in Italian may by some people be considered homophobic and politically incorrect. * ''gnocca'' (pl. ''gnocche'') (:ˈɲɔkka):〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BBC Languages — Cool Italian )〕 typical Bolognese version of ''figa''; is mostly conjugated in its feminine form although sometimes can be used on the masculine form. Although very vulgar, it is not offensive, but appreciative. Indeed, it is diffuse nationwide to refer to an attractive woman; * ''mannaggia'' (:manˈnaddʒa): a generic expression of frustration, mostly used in Southern Italy; often translated as ''damn'', but has no direct translation. Actually, it comes from the contraction of a former utterance, ''mal ne aggia'', which means in ancient Italian "may he/she get mischief out of it". Used also in English books, such as Mario Puzo's ''The Fortunate Pilgrim'';〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Language Log )〕 * ''merda'' (:ˈmɛrda): roughly the same as English word ''shit'' *''cabella'': it is an old fashioned slang word for "bitch" that was used mostly in certain parts of Sicily. The word can also refer to someone who is considered very beautiful hence the reason it is no longer used; * ''puttana'' (:putˈtaːna): whore, prostitute; * ''mignotta'' (:miɲˈɲɔtta): same meaning of "puttana"; according to some sources〔F. Ravano, Dizionario romanesco, Roma, 1994〕 it may be the contraction of the Latin ''matris ignotae'' (unknown mother), where the note ''filius m. ignotae'' (son of unknown mother) appeared on the registries referred to abandoned children; other sources〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Etimologia : mignotta; )〕 derive it from the French ''mignoter'' (to caress) or ''mignon/mignonne''. * ''minchia'' (:ˈmiŋkja): the same meaning as ''cazzo'' but notably a feminine name, it originates from Sicilian language; nowadays it is common anywhere in Italy, where it is also used as exclamation of surprise, or even appreciation. It is used in the expression "testa di minchia" (see ''testa di cazzo''). It is also featured in a song by American musician (of Sicilian descent) Frank Zappa, named ''Tengo na minchia tanta'' (I've got a dick this big). It derives from Latin ''mentula''; * ''stronzo'' (:ˈstrontso): ''turd'', ''arsehole'' or ''asshole'', ''bitch'', ''sod''. It is used as adjective to indicate that somebody is really a bad, cruel, man/woman. It is derived from ancient German strunz (shit) * ''vaffanculo'' (:vaffaŋˈkuːlo): "fuck you!", "fuck off!", "bugger off!". It's a contraction of "va' a fare in culo" (literally "go to do it in the ass"). "''Vattela a pijà 'n der culo''" is the Romanesco form for vaffanculo, while in Northern Italy is also used "''Vai a cagare''" (lit. "go to shit"), "Vai a dar via il culo" (lit. "go sell your arse") or "Fottiti" (go fuck yourself). Famously used by U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia in reference to his critics.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Nino Scalia Guide to Sicilian Hand Gestures )〕 In the Neapolitan language it is pronounced "va fangool"; and at times the "va" is omitted, as demonstrated in the film ''Grease'' (at the end of the "Sandra Dee" skit, performed by Stockard Channing). * ''zoccola'' (:ˈtsɔkkola): slut, whore; bitch.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Language Log )〕 * ''troia'' (:ˈtrɔːja): slut, Slovenly woman or whore 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Italian profanity」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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